1. Replacing fossil fuel feedstocks, e.g., with^1,5,7,8 

• green hydrogen for ammonia and methanol;
• green methanol for high-value chemicals (HVCs); and
• bio-sourced material for HVCs. However, there are trade-offs around energy use requirements, lifecycle impacts and land-use limits.

 
2. Zero carbon energy use and energy efficiency, e.g., with^{1, 4, 5, 6,7, 8} 

• implementing energy efficiency and best available techniques to reduce emissions; 
• electrification of processes; and
• use of renewable energy for heat, steam and electricity.

 
3. Carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS)^{4, 6, 8} 

• use of captured carbon as a feedstock, – e.g. in urea or methanol production – and  used for durable products;
• use of CCS from process and energy emissions; and
• upstream fossil fuel emissions and capture and storage rate may limit the impact of decarbonisation.

 
4. Circularity strategies⁶ 

• increasing re-usability of plastics; 
• mechanical recycling; and
• chemical recycling.

 
5. Accelerate sale of low-GHG emissions products that enable a decarbonised economy, including^{4, 5, 7} 

• green Ammonia e.g. for fertilisers, shipping or as a hydrogen carrier; and
• materials that enable energy efficiency improvements, e.g. in buildings and transport.

 
6. Reduce downstream Scope 3 emissions associated with fertilisers and plastics⁶ 

• replace single-use plastics with re-usable products; and
• produce slow-release fertilisers and inhibitors.